As is the ease in most languages, the form of the diminutive is also the form of endearment and respect. Frequently the ti of the Plural is prefixed to the ordinary Singular of the noun, as Tigaru, little dogs. These are formed by prefixing ka and ti to the ordinary Singular and Plural of the noun :-Garu, a dog Kagaru, a little dog Tiagaru, little dogs. Some of these have Plurals which areįormed by changing the initial ku into ma, and the final a into o :- Kulipira, a paying or payment Malipiro, payments. Infinitives of verbs, corresponding to the English verbal noun in ing :-Kulima, hoeing. Nouns which form their Plural by prefixing a to the Singular :-Garu, a dog Agaru, dogs. The nouns of this class take the same concord for all their Plurals, but in the Singular the concords are of three varieties (or sub-classes), represented by the three words :- Fupa, a bone Mafupa, bones. Nouns which form their Plural by prefixing ma to the Singular :-Fupa, a bone Mafupa, bones. Nouns which change the initial letter or syllable of the Singular into ma to form the Plural :-Dzino, a tooth Mano, teeth. Nouns beginning with tsh in the Singular which form their Plural by changing the tsh into dz :-Tshintu, grain (seed) Dzintu, grains (seeds). Greatness is expressed by bringing nouns into this class :- Nsomba, a fish Tshinsomba, a large fish. Nouns beginning with tsh in the Singular which form their Plural by changing the tsh into z :-Tshintu, a thing Zintu, things. Nouns which in composition form the Plural not by any change in the Singular, but by prefixing a or zi to the word following :- Nyumba, a house Nyumba zambiri, many houses. Nouns which change the initial letter or syllable of the Singular into mi to form the Plural :-Ntengo, a tree Mitengo, trees. Nouns which change the initial letter or syllable of the Singular into a to form the Plural :-Muntu, a man Antu, people. TABLE OF CONCOKDS ГОК THE CHINYANJA LANGUAGE.ĬLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS. This contribution towards the knowledge of one of the most useful and, when its dialects are included, one of the most widely-spoken of African languages, is offered as an aid to those who are seeking the extension of Christianity and civilisation in that region. bum, big or with the hyphen and the italic, -a or -o, as -abwino, good -oipa, bad. The appropriate concords for the adjectives are indicated by the simple hyphen, e.g. In the dictionary the proper concord for the Singular nouns of this class is indicated by the insertion of the possess ive particle wa, la, or ya used with each. When the Singular and Plural of a noun are known, the concord for each can he at once supplied, except in nouns forming their Plural by prefixing ma to the Singular. As, however, all numerical classifications of nouns are arbitrary, if such numbers are inserted in a dictionary, they become a hindrance rather than a help in learning the properĬoncord for each noun. The former affords the greatest help to the European seeking to acquire the language, who has not had the advantage of special training in philology. Bleek in his Com parative Grammar of the Bantu Languages, and is the more strictly scientific method. This relation of the noun to the rest of the sentence offers two methods of arranging a classification of these : first, to group the nouns in classes, counting Singular and Plural of the same word as one class, and giving the corresponding concords for these or, second, to dis card the distinction between Singular and Plural, and classify the nouns according to their concords alone. In the Nyanja, as in all the Bantu languages, the grammar depends on what has been called the Principle of Euphonic Concord, whereby the initial letter or syllable of the noun affects or governs the rest of the sentence. Henry, renders this the less needful and so the grammatical notes have been reduced to the Table of Concords rendered necessary by the references to these in the body of the work. It was intended to prefix a Grammar, but the publication of the Nyanja Grammar of my colleague, the late Kev. Various circumstances have delayed the earlier appearance of this Dictionary.
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PUBLISHED FOR Щг ILííimptonta ДОййшп of tfte free Cijurrfj of StotlanTj By JAMES THIN PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible.ĮNGLISH-NYANJA DICTIONAEY NYANJA LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN
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